Egyptian revolution of 2011

Source - wikipedia

The Egyptian revolution of 2011, locally known as the January 25 Revolution(Egyptian Arabic: ثورة 25 يناير‎; Thawret 25 yanāyir),^[21] began on 25 January 2011 and took place across all of Egypt. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "police day" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Mubarak's presidency. It consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violentcivil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and strikes. Millions of protesters from a range ofsocio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. The revolution started by calls for protests from online youth groups. Initially these included liberal, anti-capitalist, nationalist, and feminist elements, but they finally included Islamist elements as well. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured.^[22][23] Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country.^[24] The protests took place in Cairo, Alexandria, and in all major cities across the nation.

2011 Egyptian revolution
Part of the Egyptian Crisis and the Arab Spring
Demonstrators in Cairo's Tahrir Square on 8 February 2011
Date	25 January 2011 – 11 February 2011 (2 weeks and 3 days)
Location	Egypt
Caused by	Police brutality[1] State-of-emergency laws[1] Electoral fraud Political censorship[2] Corruption[2] Unemployment[3] Food price rises[3] Low wages[1][3] Demographic structural factors[4] Other regional protests
Methods	Civil disobedience Civil resistance Demonstrations Online activism Riots Self-immolation Strike actions
Resulted in	Overthrow of Mubarak government Resignation of Prime MinistersNazif and Shafik[5] Assumption of power by themilitary[6] Suspension of the Constitutionand dissolution of theParliament[7] Disbanding of the State Security Investigations Service[8] Dissolution of the NDP (former ruling party) and transfer of its assets to the state[9] Arrest and prosecution of Mubarak, his family and former ministers[10][11][12] 31-year state of emergencylifted[13] Democratic election to replace Mubarak; Mohamed Morsi elected as new president[14] Protests in response to Morsi's temporary constitutional declaration. Protests marking the one-year anniversary of Morsi's inauguration as president followed by a coup d'état. Civil unrest in response to the coup. Increase in violence and attacks by insurgents in the Sinai Peninsulasince the ouster of Morsi, especially from ISIL-affiliate Sinai Province. Another presidential election held in 2014; Egyptian defense minister Gen. Abdel Fattah el-Sisi elected as president. Morsi and other Muslim Brotherhood figures sentenced to death and long jail terms on various charges. Ousted President Hosni Mubarakacquitted in final ruling on attempted murder charges and released.
Number
2,000,000 at Cairo's Tahrir square[15] See: Regions section below.
Casualties
Death(s)	During revolution: 846[17][18] Post-Revolution: 300+[19] See: Deaths section below.
Injuries	6,467 people[16]
Arrested	12,000[20]

The Egyptian protesters' grievances focused on legal and political issues,^[25] includingpolice brutality, state-of-emergency laws,^[1]lack of free elections and freedom of speech, corruption,^[2] and economic issues including high unemployment, food-price inflation^[3] and low wages.^[1][3] The protesters' primary demands were the end of the Mubarak regime and emergency law, freedom, justice, a responsive non-military government and a voice in managing Egypt's resources.^[26]Strikes by labour unions added to the pressure on government officials.^[27]

During the uprising, the capital Cairo was described as "a war zone"^[28] and the port city of Suez saw frequent violent clashes. Protesters defied a government-imposedcurfew, which was impossible to enforce by the police and military. Egypt's Central Security Forces, loyal to Mubarak, were gradually replaced by military troops. In the chaos, there was some looting by gangs which was instigated (according to opposition sources) by plainclothes police officers. In response, watch groups were organized by civilians to protect neighbourhoods.^{[29][30][31][32][33]}

International reaction has varied, with most Western nations condoning peaceful protests but concerned about the stability of Egypt and the region. The Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions have influenced demonstrations in other Arab countries, including Yemen,Bahrain, Jordan, Syria and Libya.

Mubarak dissolved his government, appointing former head of the Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate Omar Suleiman vice-president in an attempt to quell dissent. Mubarak asked aviation minister and former chief of Egypt's air force Ahmed Shafik(who ran for presidency later) to form a new government. Mohamed ElBaradei became a major opposition figure, with all major opposition groups supporting his role as negotiator for a transitional unity government.^[34] In response to mounting pressure, Mubarak, in another attempt to contain the crisis, announced he did not intend to seek re-election in September.^[35]

On 11 February 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak would resign as president, turning power over to theSupreme Council of the Armed Forces(SCAF).^[36] The military junta, headed by effective head of state Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, announced on 13 February that the constitution would be suspended, both houses of parliament dissolved and the military would rule for six months (until elections could be held). The previous cabinet, including Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik, would serve as a caretaker government until a new one was formed.^[37]Shafik, seen by the masses as another Mubarak figure, resigned on 3 March, a day before major protests to force him to step down were planned, and was replaced by former transport minister Essam Sharaf.^[38]On 24 May 2011, Mubarak was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murderof peaceful protesters and, if convicted, could have faced the death penalty.^[12] On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was found guilty of complicity in the murder of protesters and sentenced to life imprisonment, but the sentence was overturned on appeal and a retrial ordered.^[39]A number of protesters, upset that others tried with Mubarak (including his two sons) were acquitted, took to the streets.^[40]Mubarak was eventually cleared of all charges on 29 November 2014,^[41] although Egypt's prosecutor general announced he would appeal the verdict.^[42]

After the revolution against Mubarak and a period of rule by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, the Muslim Brotherhood took power in Egypt through a series of popular elections, with Egyptians electing IslamistMohamed Morsi to the presidency in June 2012.^[43] However, Morsi's government encountered fierce opposition after his attempt to pass an Islamist constitution that followed extreme Islamist views. Morsi attempted also to change laws granting himself unparalleled powers like no other president in Egyptian history. It sparked general outrage from secularists and members of the military, and mass protestsbroke out against his rule on 28 June 2013.^[44]On 3 July 2013, Morsi was deposed by a coup d'état led by the minister of defense, General Abdel Fattah El-Sisi^[45] as millions of Egyptians took to the streets in support of early elections.^[46] El-Sisi went on to become Egypt's president by popular election in 2014.^[47]